Formatted Program Text for Blogger

This blog features a fair amount of code. So far, I've been doing the formatting from SubEthaEdit. Using SEE has worked OK, but was kind of a fiddly procedure. I'd open the desired program, copy as XHTML, paste that into a new document, remove all the lines breaks, copy the modified text, and paste it into MarsEdit. No step is difficult, but automating it is a pain, requiring GUI scripting in AppleScript. Further, it would require running everything through SEE, whether that would make sense or not.

Thus, before scripting the above approach, I looked for other options. Two seem promising: Pygments and highlight. Both provide shell filters for converting program text into HTML. For now, I've settled on highlight, since Pygments lacks support for highlighting Standard ML.

Several command line options are appropriate. For example, I can format an SML file with

cat real-ord.sml | highlight --inline-css -f --enclose-pre -S sml -s seashell | pbcopy 

Pasting that into MarsEdit nicely formats the contents of real-ord.sml:

structure RealOrdKey : ORD_KEY where type ord_key = Real.real = struct
  open Real
  type ord_key = real
end

I'm sure I'll need to refine the approach a bit as I go, but this already seems easier than the approach I'd been using.

Another Skeptical Take on Python 3

Jens Alfke wonders "What’s The Point?" of Python 3.

Via Daring Fireball.

Thoughts on Python 3.0

Python 3.0 has been released. I first used Python at either the end of 1999 or the beginning of 2000. It's with some surprise that I find myself rather ambivalent about what is a major landmark for a tool that I've used on a near-daily basis for almost nine years.

There are a variety of reasons for my ambivalence. Largely, my own programming interests have diverged from the main features of Python. Thus, the significant changes that are present in Python 3 just aren't addressing the shortcomings of Python that affect me. In particular,

• My interest in functional programming has continually increased since I first learned about it in 2002. Python is pretty limited in its support for functional programming, especially in its inability to do tail call optimization and its lack of suitable data structures.
• Learning about functional programming led me to Standard ML and its kin. Reading Harper's Standard ML book profoundly affected how I think about programming, perhaps even more than did reading SICP. Much to my surprise, I found that static typing didn't have to be the nightmare I remembered from C programming. Indeed, typeful programming turns out to be a natural match for how I like to work, with types encoding—and enforcing—a great deal of the assumptions that go into function definition. Python, with its untyped variables, doesn't lend much support to this style.
• Concurrency appears increasingly relevant. I'd like to learn more about concurrent programming, and apply it in practice. Specifically, message passing concurrency shows great promise, interacting well with a functional programming style and providing ready control over when nondeterminism appears (see, e.g., a recent post on Lambda the Ultimate). Python isn't structured for the approach I want to explore.

Basically, there are things that I want to do that Python just gets in the way of, and the future of Python seems quite unlikely to include the changes I need.

In light of the above, the landmark Python 3 release comes across as a good time to re-assess how I use Python. As a whole, I'm left thinking that I'd be better off directing more of my time to Scala, OCaml, or Haskell. The changes in Python 3 hardly seem worth even the relatively minor effort needed to upgrade at this point, so I think I'll just stick with the installation I have for now.

Passive-Aggressive Python

Consider sum. It's great for adding up a list of numbers:

Python 2.5.1 (r251:54863, Feb  4 2008, 21:48:13) 
[GCC 4.0.1 (Apple Inc. build 5465)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> x = range(10); print x
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
>>> sum(x)
45

Strings, on the other hand, it doesn't care for:

>>> y = list("abcdefghi"); print y
['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h', 'i']
>>> sum(y, "")
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "", line 1, in 
TypeError: sum() can't sum strings [use ''.join(seq) instead]

This is about performance. Repeatedly adding up strings behaves quite a bit differently than adding up numbers. Each addition causes a new string to be created, turning the whole thing into O(n²), where n is the number of strings being concatenated, instead of the O(n) you would get by using join or when summing up numbers.

Think that seems like a fair tradeoff? Think again:

>>> u = map(lambda a: [a], x); print u
[[0], [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9]]
>>> sum(u, [])
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
>>> 

and again:

>>> v = map(lambda a: (a,), x); print v
[(0,), (1,), (2,), (3,), (4,), (5,), (6,), (7,), (8,), (9,)]
>>> sum(v, ())
(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)
>>> 

Both of those have the same performance issues with sum that strings have.

So much for polymorphism. The interface is muddled, being neither specialized to numbers, nor polymorphic to objects that support addition. It's all quite silly, really, because there's no reason for sum to behave like this. The worst-case time complexity is intended to be O(n), but easily becomes O(n²) as shown above—and actually is entirely unpredictable because objects can make arbitrary calculations. On the other hand, the TypeError raised for a string is an arbitrary restriction, since it could instead just internally make use of ''.join.

Apparently, sum is the way it is because that's just not how one should concatenate a string. Anything else that supports addition, go ahead, but for strings there is one—and only one—right way to do it. By fiat.

Phrase from nearest book

Odd idea that I've seen first on Grig Gheorghiu's blog. Here are the rules:

• Grab the nearest book.
• Open it to page 56.
• Find the fifth sentence.
• Post the text of the sentence in your journal along with these instructions.
• Dont dig for your favorite book, the cool book, or the intellectual one: pick the CLOSEST.

For me, the nearest book was Practical Statistics by Russell Langley, giving this:

The average duration of numbness in these tests was 50% longer with Prilocaine than with Lignocaine, but the lack of any information about the degree of dispersion around these arithmetic means makes it impossible to assess the significance of the observed difference.

It may not be terribly poetic, but it is a quite profound idea in statistics.

Certainly More Interesting than Anything I've Ever Done with LaTeX

That is just insane. But in a good way!

My Results for the Sarah Palin Baby Name Generator

The Sarah Palin Baby Name Generator has been mentioned by many sites lately, so a description is probably not needed. My name would be Thump Hummer Palin.